Coffee is an export commodity that plays a key role in national economies including the Philippines. However, coffee production in the country has been affected by low market prices, senile or unproductive trees, and poor technology utilization. Moreover, pests and diseases in coffee like leaf rust, coffee berry disease, stem borer, and nematodes have been constraining local coffee production. Today, tissue culture can help in addressing the low production of coffee trees through rapid and massive production of quality planting materials.
To address this challenge, the Cavite State University (CvSU) is adopting somatic embryogenesis (SE), an efficient, rapid, and large-scale plant propagation technique that can improve the productivity of superior coffee varieties, Coffea arabica and C. liberica. This is part of the project, Enhancement of Micropropagation techniques to meet the Demand for Quality Planting Materials, which is funded by the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST-PCAARRD).
Tissue culture can fast track the mass propagation of coffee especially when planting materials are limited in conventional vegetative propagation. The existing methods of propagating coffee in the Philippines are stem cuttings and the use of seeds. Moreover, buds, grafts, and cuttings must be sourced from vertically growing shoots such as the primary fruiting plagiotropic branches or branches growing at an almost horizontal angle to maintain the uniformity in the population of coffee plants.
Arabica and Liberica varieties were selected due to their superior bean yield, and bean quality. Moreover, the Liberica variety is resistant to common insects, pests, and diseases. CvSU, Benguet State University (BSU), Central Philippines State University (CPSU), and Central Mindanao University were identified as cooperating agencies. These four universities will also represent Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.
The project involved the development and optimization of the different stages of SE: callus induction phase, differentiation phase and embryo development; plantlet regeneration phase, and rooting and acclimatization phase. It had targeted the production of 600,000 coffee seedlings in three years. CvSU hopes to sustain the production of coffee seedlings, support the livehood of coffee farmers, and eventually help in stabilizing the prices of coffee.
The identified target beneficiaries include coffee farmers, coffee producers, cooperatives, associations, coffee researchers and extension workers, coffee consumers, entrepreneurs, and industries or processing companies.
Coffee somatic embryogenesis is one of the many initiatives of DOST-PCAARRD in connection with Outcome One.
Outcome One seeks to provide science-based know-how and tools that will enable the agricultural sector to raise productivity to world-class standards.
Coffee SE was one of the featured technologies during this year’s National Biotechnology Week (NBW) that was held from November 23 to 28 at SM Dasmariñas, Cavite. DOST-PCAARRD showcased this technology in its booth for the six-day event.
NBW 2015 had the theme, Bioteknolohiya: Kaagapay ng Mamamayan sa Pambansang Kaunlaran. It also has the slogan, Angat Tayo sa Bioteknolohiya!
NBW is an annual celebration which kicked off in 2005 and was institutionalized in 2007 by virtue of Presidential Proclamation 1414. The event serves as a venue for government agencies, academic communities, and private institutions to create awareness about the role of biotechnology in food production and security.